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This selective
list of replaced loanwords in Turkish includes Ottoman Turkish language loanwords—mostly of Arabic language and Persian language, but also French language, Greek language, and
Italian language origin—which were replaced with their
Turkish language counterparts suggested by the Turkish Language Association (Turkish: Türk Dil Kurumu - TDK) as a part of the cultural reforms - in the broader framework of Atatürk's Reforms - following the foundation of
Republic of Turkey.
The Turkish Language Association (TDK), established by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1932 for conducting research on Turkish language, also undertook the initiative to replace Arabic and Persian loanwords with their Turkish counterparts. The Association succeeded in removing several hundred Arabic words from the language. While most of the words introduced into the language in this process were newly derived from existing Turkish verbal roots, TDK also suggested using old Turkish words which had not been used in the language for centuries.
Older and younger people in Turkey tend to express themselves with different vocabulary. While the generations born up to the 1940s tend to use the old Arabic origin words (even the obsolete ones), the younger generations favor using the new expressions. Some new words are not used as often as their old counterparts or have failed to convey the intrinsic meanings of their old equivalents. In addition, many new words have inevitably taken up somewhat different meanings, and therefore cannot be always interchangeably used with their old words.
Lists of replaced loanwords
Loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin
The list gives the Ottoman Turkish word, the modern spelling of the word in Turkish (as suggested by TDK), the modern Turkish equivalent, and its meaning in English.
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0|- bgcolor=#eeeeee! align=left | Ottoman Turkish word and its transliteration! align=left | Modern spelling of the Ottoman Turkish word! align=left | Modern Turkish equivalent! align=left | Meaning in English! align=left | Remarks|-|
عضله || adale ||
kas || muscle || from the verbal version
kasmak which means "to oppress"|-|ˤaff etmek* || affetmek ||
bağışlamak || to forgive || In Turkish,
etmek is an auxiliary verb which verbalizes a noun corresponds to the verb "to do" in English. In this case
af is the Arabic loan word. Affetmek is still in popular use.|-|
عقد *,
مقاوله mukâvele || akit, mukavele ||
sözleşme,
anlaşma || contract|-|
عامل || amil ||
etmen (for individuals) || factor|-|
بارز bâriz * || bariz ||
kesin,
belli || obvious|-|
بسيط * || basit ||
kolay || easy, simple|-|
جنوب cenûb || cenup ||
güney || south|-|
جواب cevâb * || cevap ||
yanıt || answer. || Cevap is still in popular use|-|
جمله cümle * || cümle ||
tümce ** || sentence. || Cümle is still in popular use.|-|
چهره çehre || çehre ||
yüz || face|-|çeşit*,*** || çeşit ||
tür || kind, variety || Çeşit is still in popular use.|-|
دفعه *,
کره kere * || defa, kere ||
kez || times (repetition) || An example is: I did this three
times. Both defa and kere are still in popular use.|-|
درد derd * || dert ||
ağrı || pain || Dert changed meaning and is now used as "problem"|-|
دور devr * || devir ||
çağ || era|-|
دوره devre * || devre ||
dönem || semester || The old word is used in many other meanings, and not used anymore in the meaning of "semester".|-|
ابعاد * || ebat ||
boyut || dimension, size. is the plural of بعد (,
buut).|-|
ابدى ebedî * || ebedî ||
sonsuz || forever|-|
اجداد ecdâd || ecdat ||
ata || ancestry|-|
اجل ecel || ecel ||
ölüm || (predestined time of) death|-|
اجنبی ecnebî || ecnebi ||
el,
yabancı || stranger, foreigner|-|
امنيت emniyyet * || emniyet ||
güvenlik || security|-|
اثر eser * || eser ||
yapıt || production (music, film)|-|
اسير esîr * || esir ||
tutsak || hostage|-|
اوراق evrâk * || evrak ||
belge || paper document || In Arabic,
evrāk is the plural of
vārāk; in modern Turkish,
evrak is used as a singular.|-|
اول evvel * || evvel ||
önce || before|-|
فعال * || faal ||
etkin || active|-|
فن fenn *,
علم ˤilm * || fen, ilim ||
bilim || science|-|
فعل fiˤl * || fiil ||
eylem || verb|-|
غرب garb || garp ||
batı || west|-|
غير gayr || gayri ||
olmayan,
başka,
dışı || non-, other || In Arabic, "gayr-i" is a prefix which means non- as in "he is a
non-Muslim"; "he is
not a Muslim".|-|
گزيده güzîde *** || güzide ||
seçkin || élite|-| hadise
* || hadise ||
olay || event, happening, fact, occurrence|-|
حافظه hâfıza * || hafıza ||
bellek || memory || The new word is commonly used in electronics, like computer memory, i.e.
önbellek for
RAM, the old word is used for force and the new word is used for power.|-|لطيفه lâtîfe || latife || şaka|| joke|-|لسان lisân * || lisan || dil || language|-|لغات lûġat || lügat || sözlük || dictionary|-|لزوملو lüzûmlu * || lüzumlu || gerekli || necessary|-|معاش maˤâş * || maaş || aylık || salary|-|maˤbed * || mabet || tapınak || temple|-|mafsal * || mafsal || eklem || ligament || The old word is used for "hinge" (non-anatomical).|-|mağdûr *|| mağdur || kıygın **|| wronged, injured || The new word is almost never used.|-|mahlûk *|| mahluk || yaratık || creature || Sometimes the plural of the old word ("mahlukat") is used by its singular meaning.|-|mahsûl * || mahsul || ürün || product || The old word is used for the noun "produce".|-|mahsûs *|| mahsus || özgü || peculiar|-|maksad *, gaye *, hedef * || maksat, gaye, hedef || amaç or erek || goal|-|maˤkûl * || makul || uygun, elverişli || reasonable|-| *|| mâna || anlam || meaning|-|مانع * || mani || engel || obstacle|-|مصرف masraf * || masraf || gider, harcama || cost|-|مجبور mecbûr * || mecbur || zorunlu || obligation, obligatory || Both the new and the old words can be used as either a noun or an adjective.|-|مجهول mechûl * || meçhul || bilinmeyen || unknown|-|مفهوم mefhûm * || mefhum || kavram || concept|-|مهتاب mehtâb *** || mehtap || ay ışığı || moonlight|-|مکروه mekrûh || mekruh || iğrenç || disgusting || The old word also has the religious meaning: forbidden.|-|melez * || melez || kırma || hybrid|-|مملکت memleket * || memleket || ülke || country || The old word is used for "one's native region"|-|مراسم merâsim * || merasim || tören || ceremony|-|مرثيه mersiye || mersiye || ağıt || elegy|-|meselâ || mesela || örneğin || for example|-|mesele || mesele || sorun || problem|-|مسعود mesˤûd || mesut || mutlu || happy|-|مشهور meşhûr * || meşhur || ünlü || famous|-|مشروبات meşrûbât || meşrubat || içecek || beverage|-|موقع مكان mekân * || mevki, mekân || yer, konum || location|-|ميدان meydân *, ساحه sâha || meydan, saha || alan ** || open area, plaza || While the new word is used mainly in mathematics (as in the "area" of a triangle), it is seldom used with the same meaning of the old words except in compound words like havaalanı (airport), not hava meydanı (older version).|-|ميل meyl || meyil || eğim, eğilim || inclination|-|mirâs *|| miras || kalıt ** || inheritance || The new word is almost never used, but its derivatives are in use, such as kalıtımsal (hereditary).|-|مسافر misâfir * || misafir || konuk || guest|-|مثال misâl * || misal || örnek || example|-|مسکين miskîn || miskin || uyuşuk || supine|-|معامله muˤâmele *|| muamele || davranış || treatment, behavior|-|معما muˤammâ || muamma || bilmece || puzzle, trivia|-|معاصر muˤâsır || muasır || çağdaş, güncel || contemporary|-|معاون muˤâvin *, yaver ***|| muavin, yaver || yardımcı || helper|-|معجزه muˤcize * || mucize || tansık ** || miracle || The new word is almost never used.|-|محقق muhakkak* || muhakkak || kesin(likle) || certain(ly)|-|محاربه muhârebe, حرب harb, جنگ cenk *** || muharebe, harp, cenk ||savaş || war|-|محتويات muhteviyyât || muhteviyat || içindekiler || ingredients|-|مقدس mukaddes || mukaddes || kutsal || sacred|-|منتظم muntazam *|| muntazam || düzgün, düzenli || tidy|-|مربع murabbaˤ || murabba || kare || square|-|معتدل muˤtedil || mutedil || ılım(lı) || moderate(ly)|-|موفقيت muvaffakıyyet || muvaffakiyet || başarı || success|-|مبالغه mübalâga || mübalağa || abartma || exaggeration|-|مجادله mücâdele *|| mücadele || çaba, uğraş || endeavor|-|مدافعه müdâfaˤa || müdafaa || koruma || sustain, protect, defend|-|مداخله müdâhale * || müdahale || karışma || intervention|-|مدت müddet *|| müddet || süre || duration|-|مؤسسه mü'essese || müessese || kurum || foundation|-|مهم mühim *|| mühim || önemli || important|-|مؤمن mü'min || mümin || inanan, inançlı || believer|-|مناسبت münâsebet * || münasebet || ilişki || relation|-|مراجعت || müracaat || başvuru || application|-|mürekkeb || mürekkep || birleşmiş, birleşik || composed of || The word mürekkep is still used in Turkish in another meaning: ink.|-|مسابقه müsâbaka || müsabaka || karşılaşma || match, competition|-|مسامحه müsâmaha || müsamaha || hoşgörü || tolerance|-|مستهجن müstehcen *|| müstehcen || uygunsuz || inappropriate, obscene|-|مسوده müsvedde * || müsvedde || taslak || draft|-|مطالعه mütâlâˤa || mütalâa || düşünce || thought|-|متارکه mütâreke || mütareke || antlaşma || armistice|-|متفرق müteferrik || müteferrik || dağınık || untidy|-|متخصص mütehassıs || mütehassıs || uzman || expert|-| mütevâzî || mütevazi || alçakgönüllü || humble|-|مزمن müzmin || müzmin || süreğen || chronic || The new word is seldom used.|-|نغمه nağme || nağme || ezgi || melody|-|nafile *|| nafile || boşuna || futile|-|نصيحت nasîhat * || nasihat || öğüt || advice, counsel|-|nâzır || nazır || bakan || minister|-|نفس nefes * || nefes || soluk || breath|-|nesl *|| nesil || kuşak || generation|-|نتيجه netîce * || netice || sonuç || result|-|نهايت nihâyet * || nihayet || son(unda) || final(ly)|-|نكاح nikâh * || nikâh || düğün || wedding || In modern Turkish, nikâh is generally used for the wedding ceremony, while düğün is used for the wedding reception or party.|-|نسبت nisbet * || nispet || oran || ratio|-| نطق nutk * || nutuk || söylev || speech|-|پاپوش pabuç || pabuç || ayakkabı || shoe|-|رأی re'y || rey || oy || vote|-|رئيس re'îs || reis || başkan || president|-|rutûbet *|| rutubet || nem || moisture|-|رؤيا rü'ya *|| rüya || düş || dream|-|روزگار rüzgâr *, *** || rüzgâr || yel || wind|-|ساده sâde *,*** || sade || yalın || plain|-|سطح sath || satıh || yüzey || surface|-|سياره sayyâre || seyyare || araba || car|-|سبب sebeb * || sebep || neden || reason|-|سلامت selâmet || selamet || esenlik || health, soundness|-|سما semâ || sema || gök || sky|-|سنه sene * || sene || yıl || year|-|صحت sıhhat || sıhhat || sağlık || health|-|صحبت sohbet * || sohbet || söyleşi || chat || The new word is used in somewhat different contexts.|-|سؤال su'âl || sual || soru || question|-|صلح sulh || sulh || barış || peace|-|سکوت sükût || sükût || sessizlik || silence|-| * || sürat || hız || velocity, speed || In [physics, the old word word is used for
speed (scalar) and the new word is used for
velocity (vectoral).|-|şâhid *|| şahit ||
tanık || witness|-|
شرق şark || şark ||
doğu || east|-|şart * || şart ||
koşul || condition|-|şatafat(lı) || şatafat(lı) ||
gösteriş(li) || spectacular (noun and adjective)|-|
شمال şimâl || şimal ||
kuzey || north|-| *|| şuur ||
bilinç || conscience|-| şübheli || şüpheli ||
sanık || suspect; someone charged with an offense|-|
طبيعت ṭabîˤat * || tabiat ||
doğa || nature|-|
طبيعى ṭabîˤî * || tabii ||
doğal || natural|-|taˤbîr, ifâde* || tabir, ifade ||
deyiş** || narration|-|
طلب ṭaleb
* || talep ||
istek || request, demand, wish|-|
طلبه ṭalebe || talebe ||
öğrenci || student (plural of طالب ṭâlib, "seeker" knowledge)|-|
تعمير taˤmîr *,
تعديلات taˤdîlât * || tamir, tadilat ||
onarım || repair, renovation|-|tasavvur || tasavvur ||
canlandırma,
tasarı || imagine|-|tasdîk || tasdik ||
onay || approve|-|tashîh || tashih ||
düzeltme || correction|-|
تصوير tasvîr * || tasvir ||
betimleme || description|-|
طياره tayyâre || tayyare ||
uçak || airplane|-|
توصيه tavsiye * || tavsiye ||
öneri || advice|-|
تعادل teˤâdül || teadül ||
denklik || equivalence|-|
تعامل teˤâmül || teamül ||
tepkime, davranış || reaction, behavior|-|tebessüm || tebessüm ||
gülümseme || smile|-|
تبديل tebdîl || tebdil ||
değişiklik || change|-|
تبريك tebrîk * || tebrik ||
kutlama || congratulate || The new word also has the meaning "celebration".|-|
تجلى tecellî || tecelli ||
belirme || emerge, appear|-|
تجسم tecessüm || tecessüm ||
görünme || appearance, manifestation|-|tecrübe * || tecrübe ||
deneyim || experience|-|techîzât || teçhizat ||
donanım || equipment|-|tedbîr *|| tedbir ||
önlem || precaution|-|te'essür || teessür ||
üzüntü || agony|-|
تكامل tekâmül || tekamül ||
evrim,
başkalaşım || maturation, metamorphosis, evolution|-|
تقاعد tekaˤüd || tekaüt ||
emeklilik || retirement|-|tekeffül || tekeffül ||
yükümlenme || standing surety|-|
تكليف teklîf * || teklif ||
öneri || proposal|-|
تلاش telâş * || telaş ||
tasa,
kaygı || worry|-|tenâsüb || tenasüp ||
uyum || congruity|-|
تنبيه tenbîh * || tembih ||
uyarı || warning|-|
تنبل tenbel *, *** || tembel ||
haylaz || lazy|-| tercîh etmek * || tercih etmek ||
yeğlemek || to prefer|-|tercüme *|| tercüme ||
çeviri || translation|-|
تشرين اول teşrîn-i evvel || ||
ekim || October|-|
تشرين ثانی teşrîn-i sânî || ||
kasım || November|-|usûl *|| usul ||
yöntem || method|-|vaˤd *|| vaat ||
söz || promise (noun)|-|vakˤâ || vaka ||
olay || event|-|vakûr || vakur ||
ağır başlı || dignified || The Turkish expression literally means
heavy headed.|-|vasf *|| vasıf ||
nitelik || feature, quality|-|vâsi || vâsi ||
engin || vast|-|vaz geçmek *|| vaz geçmek ||
caymak **|| to change one's mind || Here,
vaz is the Arabic loan word, and
geçmek is a Turkish auxiliary verb.|-|
وضيفه vazîfe * || vazife ||
görev || task, mission|-|vilâyet* || vilayet ||
il || province|-|yekpâre *** || yekpare ||
bütün || whole|-|-|tefsîr * || tefsir ||
yorum || interpretation, analysis, comment|-|
ضمير zamîr * || zamir ||
adıl ** || pronoun|-|
زور zôr *, ***,مشكل müşkül || zor, müşkül ||
çetin ** || difficult|}* Old words that are still used in modern Turkish together with their new Turkish counterparts.
** New words that are not as frequently used as the old words.
*** Old words that are of Persian origin.
===Loanwords of other origin===
Please note that the list is highly incomplete.
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
! align=left | Loanword
! align=left | Turkish equivalent
! align=left | Meaning in English
! align=left | Remarks
|-
|alternatif * || ''seçenek'' || alternative (noun) ||
|-
|detay * || ''ayrıntı'' || detail || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|doktrin * || ''öğreti'' || doctrine || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|kalite * || ''nitelik'' || quality || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|karakter * || ''kişilik '' || character, personality || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|konsonant *|| ''ünsüz'' || consonant || Loanword is of German origin
Turkish Language Association Online Dictionary - [http://www.tdk.org.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=konsonant ''konsonant''
|-
|kuaför * || ''güzellik salonu/berber'' || beauty/hair salon, barber|| Loanword is of French origin
|-
|kundura * || ''ayakkabı'' || shoe || Loanword is of Greek origin
|-
|lokanta * || ''aşevi'' || restaurant || Loanword is of Italian origin
|-
|meridyen * || ''boylam'' || longitude || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|metot * || ''yöntem'' || method || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|paralel * || ''enlem'' || latitude || Loanword is of Greek origin
|-
|otoban * || ''otoyol'' || highway || Loanword is of German origin
|-
|plaj *|| ''kumsal'' || beach || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|plato *|| ''yayla'' || plateau || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|problem * || ''sorun'' || problem || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|proje *|| ''tasarı'' || project || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|restoran *|| ''aşevi'' || restaurant || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|spesiyal *|| ''özel'' || special || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|teori *|| ''kuram'' || theory || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|trotuvar *|| ''kaldırım'' || pavement / sidewalk || Loanword is of French origin (''trottoir'')
|-
|vokal *|| ''ünlü'' || vowel || Loanword is of German origin TDK Online Dictionary -
http://www.tdk.org.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=vokal ''vokal''
|}
* Words that are still used in modern Turkish together with their new Turkish counterparts.
See also
Notes
Sources
- Yazım Kılavuzu, the official spelling guide of the Turkish language on TDK website
- Tercüme Hizmetleri, online Turkish - English translations
This selective
list of replaced loanwords in Turkish includes
Ottoman Turkish language loanwords—mostly of
Arabic language and
Persian language, but also
French language, Greek language, and Italian language origin—which were replaced with their
Turkish language counterparts suggested by the Turkish Language Association (Turkish: Türk Dil Kurumu - TDK) as a part of the cultural reforms - in the broader framework of Atatürk's Reforms - following the foundation of
Republic of Turkey.
The Turkish Language Association (TDK), established by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1932 for conducting research on Turkish language, also undertook the initiative to replace Arabic and Persian loanwords with their Turkish counterparts. The Association succeeded in removing several hundred Arabic words from the language. While most of the words introduced into the language in this process were newly derived from existing Turkish verbal roots, TDK also suggested using old Turkish words which had not been used in the language for centuries.
Older and younger people in Turkey tend to express themselves with different vocabulary. While the generations born up to the 1940s tend to use the old Arabic origin words (even the obsolete ones), the younger generations favor using the new expressions. Some new words are not used as often as their old counterparts or have failed to convey the intrinsic meanings of their old equivalents. In addition, many new words have inevitably taken up somewhat different meanings, and therefore cannot be always interchangeably used with their old words.
Lists of replaced loanwords
Loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin
The list gives the Ottoman Turkish word, the modern spelling of the word in Turkish (as suggested by TDK), the modern Turkish equivalent, and its meaning in English.
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0|- bgcolor=#eeeeee! align=left | Ottoman Turkish word and its transliteration! align=left | Modern spelling of the Ottoman Turkish word! align=left | Modern Turkish equivalent! align=left | Meaning in English! align=left | Remarks|-|
عضله || adale ||
kas || muscle || from the verbal version
kasmak which means "to oppress"|-|ˤaff etmek* || affetmek ||
bağışlamak || to forgive || In Turkish,
etmek is an auxiliary verb which verbalizes a noun corresponds to the verb "to do" in English. In this case
af is the Arabic loan word. Affetmek is still in popular use.|-|
عقد *,
مقاوله mukâvele || akit, mukavele ||
sözleşme,
anlaşma || contract|-|
عامل || amil ||
etmen (for individuals) || factor|-|
بارز bâriz * || bariz ||
kesin,
belli || obvious|-|
بسيط * || basit ||
kolay || easy, simple|-|
جنوب cenûb || cenup ||
güney || south|-|
جواب cevâb * || cevap ||
yanıt || answer. || Cevap is still in popular use|-|
جمله cümle * || cümle ||
tümce ** || sentence. || Cümle is still in popular use.|-|
چهره çehre || çehre ||
yüz || face|-|çeşit*,*** || çeşit ||
tür || kind, variety || Çeşit is still in popular use.|-|
دفعه *,
کره kere * || defa, kere ||
kez || times (repetition) || An example is: I did this three
times. Both defa and kere are still in popular use.|-|
درد derd * || dert ||
ağrı || pain || Dert changed meaning and is now used as "problem"|-|
دور devr * || devir ||
çağ || era|-|
دوره devre * || devre ||
dönem || semester || The old word is used in many other meanings, and not used anymore in the meaning of "semester".|-|
ابعاد * || ebat ||
boyut || dimension, size. is the plural of بعد (,
buut).|-|
ابدى ebedî * || ebedî ||
sonsuz || forever|-|
اجداد ecdâd || ecdat ||
ata || ancestry|-|
اجل ecel || ecel ||
ölüm || (predestined time of) death|-|
اجنبی ecnebî || ecnebi ||
el,
yabancı || stranger, foreigner|-|
امنيت emniyyet * || emniyet ||
güvenlik || security|-|
اثر eser * || eser ||
yapıt || production (music, film)|-|
اسير esîr * || esir ||
tutsak || hostage|-|
اوراق evrâk * || evrak ||
belge || paper document || In Arabic,
evrāk is the plural of
vārāk; in modern Turkish,
evrak is used as a singular.|-|
اول evvel * || evvel ||
önce || before|-|
فعال * || faal ||
etkin || active|-|
فن fenn *,
علم ˤilm * || fen, ilim ||
bilim || science|-|
فعل fiˤl * || fiil ||
eylem || verb|-|
غرب garb || garp ||
batı || west|-|
غير gayr || gayri ||
olmayan,
başka,
dışı || non-, other || In Arabic, "gayr-i" is a prefix which means non- as in "he is a
non-Muslim"; "he is
not a Muslim".|-|
گزيده güzîde *** || güzide ||
seçkin || élite|-| hadise
* || hadise ||
olay || event, happening, fact, occurrence|-|
حافظه hâfıza * || hafıza ||
bellek || memory || The new word is commonly used in electronics, like computer memory, i.e.
önbellek for
RAM, the old word is used for force and the new word is used for power.|-|لطيفه lâtîfe || latife || şaka|| joke|-|لسان lisân * || lisan || dil || language|-|لغات lûġat || lügat || sözlük || dictionary|-|لزوملو lüzûmlu * || lüzumlu || gerekli || necessary|-|معاش maˤâş * || maaş || aylık || salary|-|maˤbed * || mabet || tapınak || temple|-|mafsal * || mafsal || eklem || ligament || The old word is used for "hinge" (non-anatomical).|-|mağdûr *|| mağdur || kıygın **|| wronged, injured || The new word is almost never used.|-|mahlûk *|| mahluk || yaratık || creature || Sometimes the plural of the old word ("mahlukat") is used by its singular meaning.|-|mahsûl * || mahsul || ürün || product || The old word is used for the noun "produce".|-|mahsûs *|| mahsus || özgü || peculiar|-|maksad *, gaye *, hedef * || maksat, gaye, hedef || amaç or erek || goal|-|maˤkûl * || makul || uygun, elverişli || reasonable|-| *|| mâna || anlam || meaning|-|مانع * || mani || engel || obstacle|-|مصرف masraf * || masraf || gider, harcama || cost|-|مجبور mecbûr * || mecbur || zorunlu || obligation, obligatory || Both the new and the old words can be used as either a noun or an adjective.|-|مجهول mechûl * || meçhul || bilinmeyen || unknown|-|مفهوم mefhûm * || mefhum || kavram || concept|-|مهتاب mehtâb *** || mehtap || ay ışığı || moonlight|-|مکروه mekrûh || mekruh || iğrenç || disgusting || The old word also has the religious meaning: forbidden.|-|melez * || melez || kırma || hybrid|-|مملکت memleket * || memleket || ülke || country || The old word is used for "one's native region"|-|مراسم merâsim * || merasim || tören || ceremony|-|مرثيه mersiye || mersiye || ağıt || elegy|-|meselâ || mesela || örneğin || for example|-|mesele || mesele || sorun || problem|-|مسعود mesˤûd || mesut || mutlu || happy|-|مشهور meşhûr * || meşhur || ünlü || famous|-|مشروبات meşrûbât || meşrubat || içecek || beverage|-|موقع مكان mekân * || mevki, mekân || yer, konum || location|-|ميدان meydân *, ساحه sâha || meydan, saha || alan ** || open area, plaza || While the new word is used mainly in mathematics (as in the "area" of a triangle), it is seldom used with the same meaning of the old words except in compound words like havaalanı (airport), not hava meydanı (older version).|-|ميل meyl || meyil || eğim, eğilim || inclination|-|mirâs *|| miras || kalıt ** || inheritance || The new word is almost never used, but its derivatives are in use, such as kalıtımsal (hereditary).|-|مسافر misâfir * || misafir || konuk || guest|-|مثال misâl * || misal || örnek || example|-|مسکين miskîn || miskin || uyuşuk || supine|-|معامله muˤâmele *|| muamele || davranış || treatment, behavior|-|معما muˤammâ || muamma || bilmece || puzzle, trivia|-|معاصر muˤâsır || muasır || çağdaş, güncel || contemporary|-|معاون muˤâvin *, yaver ***|| muavin, yaver || yardımcı || helper|-|معجزه muˤcize * || mucize || tansık ** || miracle || The new word is almost never used.|-|محقق muhakkak* || muhakkak || kesin(likle) || certain(ly)|-|محاربه muhârebe, حرب harb, جنگ cenk *** || muharebe, harp, cenk ||savaş || war|-|محتويات muhteviyyât || muhteviyat || içindekiler || ingredients|-|مقدس mukaddes || mukaddes || kutsal || sacred|-|منتظم muntazam *|| muntazam || düzgün, düzenli || tidy|-|مربع murabbaˤ || murabba || kare || square|-|معتدل muˤtedil || mutedil || ılım(lı) || moderate(ly)|-|موفقيت muvaffakıyyet || muvaffakiyet || başarı || success|-|مبالغه mübalâga || mübalağa || abartma || exaggeration|-|مجادله mücâdele *|| mücadele || çaba, uğraş || endeavor|-|مدافعه müdâfaˤa || müdafaa || koruma || sustain, protect, defend|-|مداخله müdâhale * || müdahale || karışma || intervention|-|مدت müddet *|| müddet || süre || duration|-|مؤسسه mü'essese || müessese || kurum || foundation|-|مهم mühim *|| mühim || önemli || important|-|مؤمن mü'min || mümin || inanan, inançlı || believer|-|مناسبت münâsebet * || münasebet || ilişki || relation|-|مراجعت || müracaat || başvuru || application|-|mürekkeb || mürekkep || birleşmiş, birleşik || composed of || The word mürekkep is still used in Turkish in another meaning: ink.|-|مسابقه müsâbaka || müsabaka || karşılaşma || match, competition|-|مسامحه müsâmaha || müsamaha || hoşgörü || tolerance|-|مستهجن müstehcen *|| müstehcen || uygunsuz || inappropriate, obscene|-|مسوده müsvedde * || müsvedde || taslak || draft|-|مطالعه mütâlâˤa || mütalâa || düşünce || thought|-|متارکه mütâreke || mütareke || antlaşma || armistice|-|متفرق müteferrik || müteferrik || dağınık || untidy|-|متخصص mütehassıs || mütehassıs || uzman || expert|-| mütevâzî || mütevazi || alçakgönüllü || humble|-|مزمن müzmin || müzmin || süreğen || chronic || The new word is seldom used.|-|نغمه nağme || nağme || ezgi || melody|-|nafile *|| nafile || boşuna || futile|-|نصيحت nasîhat * || nasihat || öğüt || advice, counsel|-|nâzır || nazır || bakan || minister|-|نفس nefes * || nefes || soluk || breath|-|nesl *|| nesil || kuşak || generation|-|نتيجه netîce * || netice || sonuç || result|-|نهايت nihâyet * || nihayet || son(unda) || final(ly)|-|نكاح nikâh * || nikâh || düğün || wedding || In modern Turkish, nikâh is generally used for the wedding ceremony, while düğün is used for the wedding reception or party.|-|نسبت nisbet * || nispet || oran || ratio|-| نطق nutk * || nutuk || söylev || speech|-|پاپوش pabuç || pabuç || ayakkabı || shoe|-|رأی re'y || rey || oy || vote|-|رئيس re'îs || reis || başkan || president|-|rutûbet *|| rutubet || nem || moisture|-|رؤيا rü'ya *|| rüya || düş || dream|-|روزگار rüzgâr *, *** || rüzgâr || yel || wind|-|ساده sâde *,*** || sade || yalın || plain|-|سطح sath || satıh || yüzey || surface|-|سياره sayyâre || seyyare || araba || car|-|سبب sebeb * || sebep || neden || reason|-|سلامت selâmet || selamet || esenlik || health, soundness|-|سما semâ || sema || gök || sky|-|سنه sene * || sene || yıl || year|-|صحت sıhhat || sıhhat || sağlık || health|-|صحبت sohbet * || sohbet || söyleşi || chat || The new word is used in somewhat different contexts.|-|سؤال su'âl || sual || soru || question|-|صلح sulh || sulh || barış || peace|-|سکوت sükût || sükût || sessizlik || silence|-| * || sürat || hız || velocity, speed || In [physics, the old word word is used for
speed (scalar) and the new word is used for
velocity (vectoral).|-|şâhid *|| şahit ||
tanık || witness|-|
شرق şark || şark ||
doğu || east|-|şart * || şart ||
koşul || condition|-|şatafat(lı) || şatafat(lı) ||
gösteriş(li) || spectacular (noun and adjective)|-|
شمال şimâl || şimal ||
kuzey || north|-| *|| şuur ||
bilinç || conscience|-| şübheli || şüpheli ||
sanık || suspect; someone charged with an offense|-|
طبيعت ṭabîˤat * || tabiat ||
doğa || nature|-|
طبيعى ṭabîˤî * || tabii ||
doğal || natural|-|taˤbîr, ifâde* || tabir, ifade ||
deyiş** || narration|-|
طلب ṭaleb
* || talep ||
istek || request, demand, wish|-|
طلبه ṭalebe || talebe ||
öğrenci || student (plural of طالب ṭâlib, "seeker" knowledge)|-|
تعمير taˤmîr *,
تعديلات taˤdîlât * || tamir, tadilat ||
onarım || repair, renovation|-|tasavvur || tasavvur ||
canlandırma,
tasarı || imagine|-|tasdîk || tasdik ||
onay || approve|-|tashîh || tashih ||
düzeltme || correction|-|
تصوير tasvîr * || tasvir ||
betimleme || description|-|
طياره tayyâre || tayyare ||
uçak || airplane|-|
توصيه tavsiye * || tavsiye ||
öneri || advice|-|
تعادل teˤâdül || teadül ||
denklik || equivalence|-|
تعامل teˤâmül || teamül ||
tepkime, davranış || reaction, behavior|-|tebessüm || tebessüm ||
gülümseme || smile|-|
تبديل tebdîl || tebdil ||
değişiklik || change|-|
تبريك tebrîk * || tebrik ||
kutlama || congratulate || The new word also has the meaning "celebration".|-|
تجلى tecellî || tecelli ||
belirme || emerge, appear|-|
تجسم tecessüm || tecessüm ||
görünme || appearance, manifestation|-|tecrübe * || tecrübe ||
deneyim || experience|-|techîzât || teçhizat ||
donanım || equipment|-|tedbîr *|| tedbir ||
önlem || precaution|-|te'essür || teessür ||
üzüntü || agony|-|
تكامل tekâmül || tekamül ||
evrim,
başkalaşım || maturation, metamorphosis, evolution|-|
تقاعد tekaˤüd || tekaüt ||
emeklilik || retirement|-|tekeffül || tekeffül ||
yükümlenme || standing surety|-|
تكليف teklîf * || teklif ||
öneri || proposal|-|
تلاش telâş * || telaş ||
tasa,
kaygı || worry|-|tenâsüb || tenasüp ||
uyum || congruity|-|
تنبيه tenbîh * || tembih ||
uyarı || warning|-|
تنبل tenbel *, *** || tembel ||
haylaz || lazy|-| tercîh etmek * || tercih etmek ||
yeğlemek || to prefer|-|tercüme *|| tercüme ||
çeviri || translation|-|
تشرين اول teşrîn-i evvel || ||
ekim || October|-|
تشرين ثانی teşrîn-i sânî || ||
kasım || November|-|usûl *|| usul ||
yöntem || method|-|vaˤd *|| vaat ||
söz || promise (noun)|-|vakˤâ || vaka ||
olay || event|-|vakûr || vakur ||
ağır başlı || dignified || The Turkish expression literally means
heavy headed.|-|vasf *|| vasıf ||
nitelik || feature, quality|-|vâsi || vâsi ||
engin || vast|-|vaz geçmek *|| vaz geçmek ||
caymak **|| to change one's mind || Here,
vaz is the Arabic loan word, and
geçmek is a Turkish auxiliary verb.|-|
وضيفه vazîfe * || vazife ||
görev || task, mission|-|vilâyet* || vilayet ||
il || province|-|yekpâre *** || yekpare ||
bütün || whole|-|-|tefsîr * || tefsir ||
yorum || interpretation, analysis, comment|-|
ضمير zamîr * || zamir ||
adıl ** || pronoun|-|
زور zôr *, ***,مشكل müşkül || zor, müşkül ||
çetin ** || difficult|}* Old words that are still used in modern Turkish together with their new Turkish counterparts.
** New words that are not as frequently used as the old words.
*** Old words that are of Persian origin.
===Loanwords of other origin===
Please note that the list is highly incomplete.
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
! align=left | Loanword
! align=left | Turkish equivalent
! align=left | Meaning in English
! align=left | Remarks
|-
|alternatif * || ''seçenek'' || alternative (noun) ||
|-
|detay * || ''ayrıntı'' || detail || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|doktrin * || ''öğreti'' || doctrine || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|kalite * || ''nitelik'' || quality || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|karakter * || ''kişilik '' || character, personality || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|konsonant *|| ''ünsüz'' || consonant || Loanword is of German origin Turkish Language Association Online Dictionary - [http://www.tdk.org.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=konsonant ''konsonant''
|-
|kuaför * || ''güzellik salonu/berber'' || beauty/hair salon, barber|| Loanword is of French origin
|-
|kundura * || ''ayakkabı'' || shoe || Loanword is of Greek origin
|-
|lokanta * || ''aşevi'' || restaurant || Loanword is of Italian origin
|-
|meridyen * || ''boylam'' || longitude || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|metot * || ''yöntem'' || method || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|paralel * || ''enlem'' || latitude || Loanword is of Greek origin
|-
|otoban * || ''otoyol'' || highway || Loanword is of German origin
|-
|plaj *|| ''kumsal'' || beach || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|plato *|| ''yayla'' || plateau || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|problem * || ''sorun'' || problem || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|proje *|| ''tasarı'' || project || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|restoran *|| ''aşevi'' || restaurant || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|spesiyal *|| ''özel'' || special || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|teori *|| ''kuram'' || theory || Loanword is of French origin
|-
|trotu
var *|| ''kaldırım'' || pavement / sidewalk || Loanword is of French origin (''trottoir'')
|-
|vokal *|| ''ünlü'' || vowel || Loanword is of German origin TDK Online Dictionary -
http://www.tdk.org.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=vokal ''vokal''
|}
* Words that are still used in modern Turkish together with their new Turkish counterparts.
See also
- Turkish language
- Turkish Language Association
- Atatürk's Reforms
Notes
Sources
- Yazım Kılavuzu, the official spelling guide of the Turkish language on TDK website
- Tercüme Hizmetleri, online Turkish - English translations
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